For over a century, social and biological scientists, journalists and sports enthusiasts have debated the perceived relationship between race and performance in sports. Much of this debate centers on nature versus nurture explanations for the perceived superiority of Black athletes over White athletes: Are Black athletes simply more naturally gifted compared to White athletes, or do they benefit more from socialization, training, and certain incentives? I contend that this debate has led people to develop positive and negative racial stereotypes about athletes, and that the content of the racial stereotypes people hold about athletes contribute to two important outcomes: They distort perceptions of athletic performance and potential, and through stereotype threat processes, they negatively influence the preparation and performance of athletes in sports events. I will present the results of studies that have examined the content and perceptual confirmation of racial stereotypes about athletes. I will also present the results of research investigating the impact racial stereotypes have on people who participate in sports.